EMERGENCY FIRST AID PROCEDURES

What to do in an emergency

Priorities

Your priorities are to:

• Assess the situation – do not put yourself in danger;
• Make the area safe;
• Assess all casualties and attend first to any unconscious casualties;
• Send for help – do not delay.

Check for a response

Gently shake the casualty’s shoulders and ask loudly, ‘Are you all right?’ If there is no response, your priorities are to:

• Shout for help;
• Open the airway;
• Check for normal breathing;
• Take appropriate action.


A
AIRWAY

To open the airway:

• Place your hand on the casualty’s forehead and gently tilt the head back
• Lift the chin with two fingertips


B
BREATHING

Look, listen and feel for normal breathing for no more than 10 seconds:

• Look for chest movement;
• Listen at the casualty’s mouth for breath sounds;
• Feel for air on your cheek.

If the casualty is breathing normally:

• Place in the recovery position;
• Get help;
• Check for continued breathing.

If the casualty is not breathing normally:

• Get help;
• Start chest compressions (see CPR).

C
CPR

To start chest compressions:

• Lean over the casualty and with your arms straight, press down on the center of

• The breastbone 4-5 cm, then release the pressure;

• Repeat at a rate of about 100 times a minute;

• After 30 compressions open the airway again;

• Pinch the casualty’s nose closed and allow the mouth to open;

• Take a normal breath and place your mouth around the casualty’s mouth, making a good seal;

• Blow steadily into the mouth while watching for the chest rising;

• Remove your mouth from the casualty and watch for the chest falling;

• Give a second breath and then start 30 compressions again without delay;

• Continue with chest compressions and rescue breaths in a ratio of 30:2 until qualified help takes over or the casualty starts breathing normally.

Severe bleeding

If there is severe bleeding:

• Apply direct pressure to the wound;
• Raise and support the injured part (unless broken);
• Apply a dressing and bandage firmly in place.

Broken bones and spinal injuries

If a broken bone or spinal injury is suspected, obtain expert help. Do not move casualties unless they are in immediate danger.

Burns

Burns can be serious so if in doubt, seek medical help. Cool the affected part of the body with cold water until the pain is relieved. Thorough cooling may take 10 minutes or more, but this must not delay taking the casualty to hospital.

Certain chemicals may seriously irritate or damage the skin. Avoid contaminating yourself with the chemical. Treat in the same way as for other burns but flood the affected area with water for 20 minutes. Continue treatment even on the way to the hospital, if necessary. Remove any contaminated clothing which is not stuck to the skin.


Eye injuries

All eye injuries are potentially serious. If there is something in the eye, wash out the eye with clean water or sterile fluid from a sealed container, to remove loose material. Do not attempt to remove anything that is embedded in the eye.

If chemicals are involved, flush the eye with water or sterile fluid for at least 10 minutes, while gently holding the eyelids open. Ask the casualty to hold a pad over the injured eye and send them to the hospital.

Record keeping

It is good practice to use a book for recording any incidents involving injuries or illness which you have attended. Include the following information in your entry:

• The date, time and place of the incident;

• The name and job of the injured or ill person;

• Details of the injury/illness and any first aid given;[1] what happened to the casualty immediately afterward (eg went back to work, went home, went to hospital);

• The name and signature of the person dealing with the incident.

This information can help identify accident trends and possible areas for improvement in the control of health and safety risks.