1. Alternative escape routes
Escape routes sufficiently separated by either direction and space, or by fire resisting construction, to ensure that one is still available, should the other be affected by fire.
Note:- A second stair, balcony or flat roof which enables a person to reach a place of safety.
2. Alternative exit
One of two or more exits, each of which is separate from the other.
3. Atrium
A space within a building, not necessarily vertically aligned, passing through one or more structural floors
Note:- Enclosed lift wells, enclosed escalator wells, building services ducts and stairways are not classified as atria.
4. Auto Ignition Temperature (AIT)
AIT is the lowest temperature at which substance will ignite spontaneously or by itself without any external source of ignition.
5. Automatic Fire Detection and Alarm System
Fire Alarm system comprising components for automatically detecting a fire, initiating an alarm of fire and initiating other actions as appropriate.
Note:- This system may also include manual fire alarm call points.
6. Automatic Sprinkler System:
A system of water pipes fitted with sprinkler heads at suitable intervals and heights and designed to actuate automatically, control and extinguish a fire by discharge of water.
7. Building
Any structure for whatsoever purpose and of whatsoever materials constructed and every part thereof whether used as human habitation or not and includes foundations, plinth, walls, floors, roofs, chimneys, plumbing and building services, fixed platform, varandah, balcony, cornice or projection, part of a building or anything affixed thereto or any wall enclosing or intended to enclose any land or space and signs and outdoor display structures. Tents, Shamianahs, tarpaulin shelters, etc, Berected for temporary and ceremonial occasions with the permission of the Authority shall not be considered as building
8. Building, Height of:
The vertical distance measured in the case of flat roofs, from the average level of the ground around and contiguous to the building to the terrace of the last livable floor of the building adjacent to the external wall; and in the case of pitched roof up to the point where the external surface of the outer wall intersects the finished surface of the sloping roof, and in the case of gables facing the road, the midpoint between the eaves level and the ridge. Architectural features serving no other function except that of decoration, shall be excluded for the purpose of
measuring heights.
9. Co-efficient of linear expansion
The amount by which unit length of a solid substance expands when its temperature is raised by 1oC is called the co-efficient of linear expansion of the substance.
10. Combustion
Combustion is an exothermic, self-sustaining reaction involving a condensed-phase fuel, a gas-phase fuel, or both. The process is usually associated with the oxidation of the fuel by atmospheric oxygen with the emission of light.
11. Combustible material
The material which either burns itself or adds heat to a fire. when tested for non-combustibility in accordance with accepted standard [c(1)]
12. Compartmentation
The division of a building into fire-tight compartments by fire resistant elements of building construction in order to control a fire for a stated period of time within the compartment of origin.
13. Compartment (Fire)
A building or part of a building, comprising one or more rooms, spaces or storey’s, constructed to prevent the spread of fire to or from another part of the same building, or an adjoining building
14. Compressed Gases
Are gases which exist solely in the gaseous state under NTP (Normal Temperature and Pressure) inside the container.
15. Covered Area
Ground area covered by building immediately above the plinth level. The area covered by the following in the open places is excluded from covered area (like garden, well & well structures, porch, portico, watchman.s booth, security room, pump house, sub-stations or such other utility structures).
16. Cryogenic Gases
Are liquefied gases which exist in the container at temperatures far below normal atmospheric temperature, but usually slightly above their Boiling Point at NTP, and at correspondingly low to moderate pressures.
17. Dead End
Area from which escape is possible in one direction only
18. Down Comer
An arrangement of fire fighting within the building by means of down comer pipe connected to terrace tank through terrace pump, gate valve and non return valve, and having mains not less than 100mm internal diameter with landing valves on each floor landing. It is also fitted with inlet connections at ground level for charging with water by pumping from fire services appliances and air release valve at roof level to release trapped air inside.
19. Element of Structure
· a member forming part of the structural frame of a building or any other beam or column;
· a load bearing wall or load bearing part of a wall;
· a floor;
· a gallery;
· an external wall; and
· a compartment wall (including a wall common to two or more buildings).
20. Emergency Lighting
Lighting provided for use when the supply to the normal lighting fails.
21. Emergency Lighting System:
A complete but discrete emergency lighting installation from standby power source to the emergency lighting lamp(s), for example, self contained emergency luminaries or a circuit from central battery generator connected through wiring to several escape luminaries.
22. Escape Lighting:
That part of emergency lighting which is provided to ensure that the escape route is illuminated at all material times (for example, at all times when persons are on the premises) or at times the main lighting is not available, either for the whole building or the escape routes.
23. Escape Route
Route forming that part of the means of escape from any point in a building to a final exit.
24. Evacuation Lift
A lift that may be used for the evacuation of disabled people in a fire.
25. Exposure Hazard
The risk of fire spreading from a building, structure or other property to an adjoining building or structure, or to another part of the same building or structure by radiated heat across the intervening space.
26 Fire Damper
A closure which consists of a normally held open damper installed in an air distribution system or in a wall or floor assembly and designed to close automatically in the event of a fire in order to maintain the integrity of fire separation.
27. Fire Detector
A device which gives a signal in response to a change in the ambient conditions in the vicinity or within the range of the detector, due to a fire.
28. Fire Door
A fire-resistive door approved for openings in fire separation walls.
29. Fire Exit
A way out leading to an escape route. This can either be a doorway or even a horizontal exit.
30. Fire fighting Access
Approach facilities provided to or within a building to enable fire service personnel and equipment to gain access thereto for fire and rescue operations.
31. Fire fighting Shaft
A protected enclosure containing a fire fighting stair, fire fighting lobbies and, if provided, a fire fighting lift, together with its machine room.
32. Fire Lift
The lift installed to enable fire services personnel to reach different floors with minimum delay.
33. Fire Load
Calorific energy, of the whole contents contained in a space, including the facing of the walls, partition, floors and ceilings.
34. Fire Load Density
The fire load per unit area.
35. Fire Point
Is the lowest temperature at which the heat from the combustion of a burning vapour is capable of producing sufficient vapour to enable combustion to be sustained.
36. Fire Prevention
The whole set of precautions to prevent the outbreak of fire and to limit its effects.
37. Fire Protection
Design features, systems or equipment in a building, structure or other fire risk, to minimise the danger to persons and property by detecting, containing and/or extinguising fires.
38. Fire Resistance
Fire resistance is a property of an element of building construction and is the measure of its ability to satisfy for a stated period some or all of the following criteria:
(a) Resistance to collapse
(b) Resistance to penetration of flame and hot gases, and
(c) Resistance to temperature rise on the unexposed face up to a maximum of 180oC and / or average temperature of 150oC
39. Fire Resistance Rating
The time that a material or construction will withstand the standard fire exposure as determined by fire test done in accordance with the standard methods of fire tests of materials/ structures.
40. Fire Separation
The distance in meters measured from the external wall of the building concerned to the external wall of any other building on the site, or from other site, or from the opposite side of street or other public space to the building for the purpose of preventing the spread of fire.
41. Fire Separating Wall:
The wall provides complete separation of one building from another, or part of a building from another part of the same building, to prevent any communication of fire or heat transmission to wall itself which may cause or assist in the combustion of materials on the side opposite to that portion which may be on fire.
42. Fire Stop:
A fire resistant material or construction having a fire resistance rating of not less than the separating elements installed in concealed spaces or between structural elements of a building to prevent the spread/propagation of fire and smoke through
walls, ceilings and the like as per the laid down criteria.
43. Fire Tower:
An enclosed staircase which can only be approached from the various floors through landings or lobbies separated from both the floor areas and the staircase by fire-resisting doors, and open to the outer air.
44. Flash Point
Is the lowest temperature at which the vapour produced by a substance will flash momentarily when a flame is applied.
45. Floor Area Ratio
The quotient obtained by dividing the total covered area (plinth area) of all floors by the area of the plot;
FAR = Total covered area of all floors Plot area
46. Gallery
An intermediate floor or platform projecting from a wall of an auditorium or a hall providing extra floor area, additional seating accommodation etc. It shall also include the structures provided for seating in stadia.
47. Group Housing
Group or multi-storeyed housing for more than one dwelling unit, where land is owned jointly (as in the case of co-operative societies or the public agencies, such as local authorities or housing boards, etc.) and the construction is undertaken by one Agency/Authority.
48. High Rise Building
As per NBC Part-4, all buildings 15m and above in height shall be considered as high rise buildings.
49. Horizontal Exit
An arrangement which allows alternative egress from a floor area to another floor at or near the same level in an adjoining building or an adjoining part of same building with adequate fire separation.
50. Inhibition
A process of fire extinguishment in which the extinguishing agent used prevents the development of chemical reactions in the flame initiating and sustaining the fire.
51. Interior Finish
Generally consists of those materials or combinations of materials that form the exposed interior surface of walls and ceilings.
52. Latent Heat
The thermal energy or the heat of a substance absorbed when it is converted from a solid to a liquid, or from a liquid to a gas / vapour, is called latent heat. It is measured in Joules per unit mass(J/kg).
53. Latent Heat of Vapourisation
The heat which is absorbed by a liquid for conversion to its vapour stage is the latent heat of vapourisation for that liquid. The heat which is absorbed by water for conversion to steam is the latent heat of vapourisation of water.
54. Latent Heat of Fusion
The heat which is absorbed during change of state from solid to liquid is called the latent heat of fusion. When ice melts to form water and heat is absorbed, it is called as the latent heat of fusion of ice.
55. Liquefied Gases
Are gases which, at normal atmospheric temperature inside the container exists partly in the liquid state and partly in the gaseous state and under pressure, as long as any liquid remains in the container.
56. Means of Egress
A continuous and unobstructed way of travel from any point in a building or structure to a place of comparative safety.
57. Mezzenine Floor
An intermediate floor, between two floors, above ground level, accessible only from the lower floor
58. Occupancy or Use Group
The principal occupancy for which a building or a part of a building is used or intended to be used. For the purpose of classification of a buliding according to the occupancy, an occupancy shall be deemed to include subsidiary occupancies which are contingent upon it.
59. Occupant Load
The number of persons for which the means of egress of a building or a portion thereof is designed.
60. Plenum
An air compartment or chamber to which one or more ducts are connected and which forms part of an air distribution system.
61. Plinth Area
The built-up covered area measured at the floor level of the basement or of any storey.
62. Public Address System (PA System)
The complete chain of sound equipment (comprising essentially of microphones, amplifiers, and loud speakers) required to reinforce the sound emanating from a source in order to provide adequate loudness for comfortable hearing by the audience.
63. Public Building
A building constructed by government, semi-government organisations, public sector undertakings, registered Charitable Trusts or such other organisations for their non-profitable public activities.
64. Pyrolysis
Irreversible chemical decomposition of a material due to an increase in temperature.
65. Pressurisation
The establishment of a pressure difference across a barrier to protect a stairway, lobby escape route, or room of a bulding from smoke penetration.
66. Pressurisation Level
The pressure difference between the pressurised space and the area served by the pressurised escape route, expressed in pascals(Pa)
67. Protected Shaft
A shaft which enables persons, air or objects to pass from one compartment to another, and which is enclosed with fire resisting construction.
68. Roof Exits
A means of escape on to the roof of a building where the roof has access to it from the ground. The exit shall have adequate cut-off within the building from staircase below.
69. Smoke
A visible suspension in air of a mixture of gaseous and particulate matter resulting from combustion or pyrolysis.
70. Specific Heat
The heat energy required to raise the temperature of unit mass of a substance through 1oC is the specific heat of the substance. (J/kg per oC)
71. Refuge Area
An area where persons unable to use stairways can remain temporarily to await instructions or assistance during emergency evacuation.
72. Stairway (Enclosed)
A stairway in a building, physically separated(eg. by walls, partitions, screens, barriers etc.) from the accommodation through which it passes, but not necessarily a protected stairway.
73. Stairway (Protected)
A stairway having the required degree of fire protection and forming the vertical component of a protected escape route or means of egress.
74. Special Building
(i) A building solely used for the purpose of a drama or cinema theatre, motion picture, a drive-in theatre, an assembly hall or auditorium, town hall, lecture hall, an exhibition hall, theatre museum, stadium, community hall, marriage hall;
(ii) A Hazardous Building;
(iii) An Institutional Building;
(iv) An Industrial Building;
(v) A Storage Building
(vi) A Multi-purpose Building or Multiplex
75. Stack Pressure
Pressure difference caused by a temperature difference creating an air movement within a duct, chimney or enclosure.
76. Stack Effect
Is the vertical natural air movement from the building caused by the differences in temperature and densities between the inside and outside air. This stack effect plays a vital role in smoke movement.
77. Travel Distance
The distance to be travelled from any point in a building to a protected escape route, external escape route or final exit.
78. Unsafe Building
A building which,
(i) is structurally unsafe,
(ii) is insanitary,
(iii) is not provided with adequate means of egress,
(iv) constitutes a fire hazard,
(v) is dangerous to human life, and
(vi) in relation to its existing use constitutes a hazard to safetly or health or public welfare by reasons of inadequate maintenance, dilapidation or abandonment.
79. Ventilation:
Supply of outside air into, or the removal of inside air from an enclosed space.
80. Venting Fire
The process of inducing heat and 1. Alternative escape routes Escape routes sufficiently separated by either direction and space, or by fire resisting construction, to ensure that one is still available, should the other be affected by fire. Note:- A second stair, balcony or flat roof which enables a person to reach a place of safety.
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